“The Siewert classification is widely used for determining which surgical procedure is used, because previous studies have shown that the pattern of lymph node (LN) metastasis depends on tumor location. In terms of surgical approaches for GEJ adenocarcinoma, a consensus was reached based on two randomized controlled trials. Siewert types I and III are treated as esophageal cancer and gastric cancer, respectively.”
“Gastric acid production is necessary for the body to digest food and break down nutritional components into absorbable amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats. Most of the acid is produced when gastric pH stimulates the release of gastrointestinal using the release and activation of various digestive enzymes. The stomach is a relatively acidic environment with a pH of less than 4.0, which can drop to 2.0 with parietal cells. Parietal cells live in the fundus and the body of the stomach and secrete hydrogen ions. This activity explains when this condition should be considered on a differential diagnosis, articulates how to properly evaluate for this condition, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition.”
“Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) is one of the most common emergencies in gastroenterology. Despite major improvements in its management, AUGIB continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Bleeding peptic ulcers are one of the principal causes of AUGIB. Endoscopic therapy to bleeding ulcers reduces further bleeding and improves patients’ outcomes”
“Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by surgery is currently considered an important multimodality treatment option for patients with locally advanced esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer. Perioperative chemotherapy is an alternative multimodality treatment option for locally advanced gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. The overall survival of patients with locally advanced esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer treated with nCRT followed by surgery remains relatively poor with an estimated 5-year OS rate of 40% to 50%, predominantly due to distant recurrences.”
“Patients with oesophageal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery
are at substantial risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events throughout all stages of treatment. Survival is worse in patients with thromboembolic events during follow-up.”
“Hyperglycemia has emerged as a modifiable mediator of adverse events after surgery. Potential mechanisms for these outcomes include the vascular, inflammatory, and hemodynamic derangements that occur as a result of persistently elevated glucose levels, all of which can contribute to the risk of morbidity and mortality after surgery.” (Chen)
“Postoperative hyperglycemia was more significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes after elective colorectal surgery than was preoperative hyperglycemia. However, preoperative hyperglycemia was associated with postoperative hyperglycemia, suggesting that improved glycemic management preoperatively may help reduce hyperglycemic events after surgery.” (Chen)
“Anastomotic leakage is a common yet one of the most feared complications following colorectal surgery. Dehiscence of the anastomosis can result in fatal complications such as peritonitis, abscess formation, and sepsis, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality, cost and length of hospital stay. Multiple factors contribute to the development of anastomotic dehiscence. Several studies have been published identifying various risk factors that may play a role in causing AL.” (Sripathi)
“Anastomotic leak in colorectal surgery is a multifactorial complication associated with an increased morbidity and mortality rate. It has remained the most feared complication over the past several years, despite numerous studies and technological advances like robotic surgery, staplers, and other anastomotic techniques. The clinical significance of reviewing and summarizing the risk factors of AL is to identify high-risk patients. Awareness and understanding of these factors will provide an opportunity to offer more comprehensive preoperative patient counseling.” (Sripathi)
